Megan Denise Fox is an American actress and model. She began her acting career in 2001, with several minor television and film roles, and played a regular role on the Hope & Faith television show. In 2004, she made her film debut with a role in Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen. In 2007, she co-starred as Mikaela Banes, the love interest of Shia LaBeouf’s character, in the blockbuster film, Transformers, which became her breakout role. Fox reprised her role in the 2009 sequel, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. Later in 2009, she starred as the eponymous lead in the film Jennifer’s Body. Fox is also considered one of the modern female sex symbols and has appeared in magazines such as Maxim, Rolling Stone and FHM.
The Herald Sun reported that her stay-slim plan, à la Fergie, consists of detoxing with vinegar shots — straight up — to lose weight. Fox said that the vinegar detox diet “cleanses out your system entirely,” and claims it rids her body of water weight associated with menstruation. “I’m not one for dieting or exercising, because I’m lazy and I have a really big sweet tooth, so I have to do cleanses every once in a while ’cause of the amount of sugar I take in.”
Of course, fad diets are nothing new, particularly for young female celebrities. While Oprah’s been known to do a cleanse every once in a while, late last year Denise Richards, Jennifer Hudson and Kelly Clarkson reportedly jumped on The Cookie Diet bandwagon. But as Fox promotes her unrealistic — and unhealthy — weight-loss plan, health experts are dismissing the claims and insisting that vinegar isn’t the solution. In addition to zero health benefits, Washington, D.C.-based Katherine Tallmadge, registered dietitian and author of “Diet Simple,” said that these types of cleansing diets are “all silliness and potentially dangerous. I’m happy to know that eating sensibly is being espoused and that people realize that a fad diet is not the way to go.”
While experts are taking a firm stand now, vinegar’s powers weren’t so quickly debunked back in July when That’s Fit reported on the results of a Japanese study that said vinegar may be able to suppress body fat accumulation. Besides the preliminary nature of these findings, the study hasn’t yet been tested on humans. Registered dietitian Keri Gans’s take on the subject is that using vinegar is a healthy, low-calorie way of cooking, but tossing back a glass isn’t the way to lose weight for the long haul.
Like most experts, Tallmadge agreed that it’s the small, simple diet changes that take the weight off. Speaking to Fox’s point of reducing water retention, she says that key is “eating more natural foods and fewer processed, high sodium foods.” In addition, she recommended “consuming fewer processed carbs, such as foods made with white flour and sugar, and foods with naturally high fiber and water content such as fruits, veggies and whole grains.”
Speaking of shots, in the days leading up to a big event, Megan Fox reportedly knocks back daily shots of apple cider vinegar to help shed the kilos. It’s said that this vinegar helps the body digest food and break down fat. While some detox devotees might adhere to this method, health expert say there’s no evidence it does anything but leave behind an unpleasant taste.
Over the years, various home remedies for weight loss have popped up here and there. Some have been short-lived and ineffective, but others — such as vinegar — have shown some promise. When it comes to weight loss and vinegar, the vinegar of choice is apple cider, a product available at most grocery stores. As always, consult your doctor before using any home remedies. She can answer your questions and also address concerns or risks specific to you.
Types
From the basic distilled variety to seasoned types, there are many vinegar types on the market. You can purchase unfiltered, organic vinegar or opt for distilled vinegar, which is often lighter in color and free of floating particles. Apple cider vinegar is the more common vinegar choice for weight loss.
Taking Vinegar
Misconceptions
According to Columbia University’s Health Q&A Internet Service, a popular misconception about vinegar is that it curbs the appetite. This is inaccurate, as is the belief that vinegar burns fat. Columbia University says that while vinegar may temporarily reduce water weight, it doesn’t have any affect on fat.
Warnings
Though most vinegars — including apple cider vinegar — are natural products, they do come with a few disadvantages. For example, drinking vinegar may wear away at tooth enamel and may irritate the mouth and throat. Columbia University also states that vinegar is a blood thinner, and that it may interfere with other medications.
Demi Guynes Kutcher known professionally as Demi Moore, is an American actress, film producer, film director, former songwriter, and model. Moore dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue an entertainment career, and posed for a nude pictorial in Oui magazine in 1980. After making her film debut in 1981, she appeared on the soap opera General Hospital and subsequently gained attention for her roles in Blame It on Rio (1984) and St. Elmo’s Fire (1985). Her first film to become both a critical and commercial hit was About Last Night… (1986), which established her as a Hollywood star.
In 1990, Moore starred in Ghost, which was the highest-grossing film of that year and brought her a Golden Globe nomination. She had a string of additional box-office successes over the early 1990s with A Few Good Men (1992), Indecent Proposal (1993), and Disclosure (1994). In 1996, Moore became the highest-paid actress in film history when she was paid a then-unprecedented fee of $12.5 million to star in Striptease. The high-profile disappointment of that film as well as her next, G.I. Jane (1997), was followed by a lengthy hiatus and significant downturn in Moore’s acting career, although she has remained a subject of substantial media interest during the years since.
Moore took her professional name from her first husband, musician Freddy Moore, and is the mother of three daughters from her second marriage to actor Bruce Willis. She married her third husband, actor Ashton Kutcher, in 2005, and separated from him in November 2011.
Demi Moore admitted on US television show David Letterman to applying leeches (yes, that’s right) directly to her skin in order to detoxify her blood and get skin glowing for special events. Some plastic surgeons reportedly use a similar procedure on post-surgery patients. Um, we might stick to a healthy diet and exercise regime in order to get the same glow.
Demi Moore recently used blood-sucking leeches to “cleanse” and “detoxify,” she said during an appearance Monday on “The Late Show With David Letterman.”
“I’ve always been somebody looking for the cutting edge of things that are for optimizing your health and healing, so just a week ago I was in Austria doing a cleanse and part of the treatment was leech therapy,” she told Letterman.
“These aren’t just swamp leeches, these are highly trained medical leeches,” she said. “These are not just some low-level scavengers; we’re talking high-level blood-suckers.”
Moore said they tested a leech on her belly button before putting several others on different areas of her body. She also said the worms are a fan of a certain type of grooming.
“Leeches don’t like hair, they much prefer a Brazilian,” she said.
Moore said she came away from the treatment feeling good.
“It detoxifies your blood,” she told Letterman. “And they have a little enzyme that when they’re biting down on you, gets released into your blood and generally you bleed for quite a bit. And your health is optimized. It detoxified the blood and I’m feeling detoxified right now.”
Ms. Moore told David Letterman on “The Late Show with David Letterman” that “…they have a little enzyme that when they’re biting down on you, gets released into your blood and generally you bleed for quite a bit. And your health is optimized. It detoxified the blood, and I’m feeling detoxified right now.” Again, she’s partly right. Leeches do release a variety of enzymes that inhibit blood-clotting, which enables them to suck until they are full and which actually makes it a bit difficult to staunch the bleeding even after they are done (at least until the enzyme’s effects have dissipated). But the enzymes only act at the immediate bite site and are not absorbed into the bloodstream (think about it – if the anti-coagulant effects were systemic throughout the body, the bite would quickly bleed to death internally). So if a leech uses a bit of local anti-coagulant to help it suck out some blood, and doesn’t either return that blood or inject any other material into the body, how does it produce detoxification let alone optimal health? The obvious answer is that it doesn’t – regardless of what the actress believes or was told to believe.
There is, however, a legitimate use of leeches in modern medicine. And, presumably, Ms. Moore and the other devotees of blood-letting, are misinterpreting this use and adorning it with magical properties they wish were true (not uncommon with many alternative therapies). Since leeches are effective blood suckers, they are employed, primarily by plastic surgeons, in situations where there is reduced ability of blood to drain from a wound. This is a particular problem when surgeons reattach severed fingers or toes or do other skin graft surgery where they can sew up the arteries that supply blood but can’t do the same for the tiny veins that drain the blood. This results in blood build up called congestion, which causes swelling and pain and can lead to tissue death and loss of the graft.
In fact, in 2004 the FDA officially approved the use of leeches as medical devices. In an FDA talk paper issued at the time of leech approval, Rod J. Rohrich, M.D., president of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons and chairman of the Department of Plastic Surgery at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center said: “The idea behind the leeches is to cause blood to ooze so that the body’s own blood supply will eventually take over and the limb can go on and survive.” Today, a number of companies routinely supply specially raised leeches (to ensure quality control, sanitation and especially to keep them hungry!) to hospitals across the country and around the world.
Leech therapy is not without some risks, even under the best of conditions. In addition to possible excessive bleeding and blood loss, there is also the possibility of allergic reactions, foreign body reactions, ulceration and infection. Even farm-raised medical leeches can harbor bacteria and other microorganisms that can be transmitted into the patient. It is therefore recommended that all patients undergoing leech therapy receive broad-spectrum antibiotics to reduce the chance of infection.
One can only hope that leech therapy will remain under the purview of licensed medical practitioners who use it for legitimate therapeutic or research purposes under controlled conditions and that its use in so-called detoxification will be limited to a small cadre of true believers at the extreme fringes of alternative medicine.
Gwyneth Kate Paltrow Martin is an American actress and singer. She made her acting debut on stage in 1990 and started appearing in films in 1991. After appearing in several films throughout the decade, Paltrow gained early notice for her work in films such as Seven (1995) and Emma (1996) (in which she played the title role). Following the films Sliding Doors (1998) and A Perfect Murder (1998), Paltrow garnered worldwide recognition through her performance in Shakespeare in Love (1998), for which she won an Academy Award for Best Actress, a Golden Globe Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, for Outstanding Lead Actress and as a member of the Outstanding Cast. She also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2011 for her role as Holly Holliday on the Fox hit TV show Glee in the episode “The Substitute”.
An advocate of clean, macrobiotic living, Oscar winning actress Gwyneth Paltrow has admitted to upping the ante on her healthy regime with a mini juice cleanse. The three-week program, developed by Paltrow’s doctor and detox diet specialist, Dr. Alejandro Junger, consists of mostly vegetable juices and regular colonics, along with plenty of regular exercise. “I feel pure and happy and much lighter (I dropped the extra pounds that I had gained during a majorly fun and delicious “relax and enjoy life phase” about a month ago),” Paltrow said post-detox.
Dr. Alejandro Junger writes on his website:
Clean Mini 3-Day Cleanse
Basics: A 3-Day mini-cleanse designed to give your digestive system a rest and boost your energy levels.
Overview: One liquid meal for breakfast and two solid meals from the recipes provided below for lunch and dinner. No supplements are needed for this mini-cleanse.
Who Should Do This Cleanse?: This mini-cleanse is best for those who only need a slight reset. It’s also used as a maintenance program for those that have first gone through Plan A or Plan B.
Getting Started: To get started on this program simply download this guide and follow the instructions and recipes.
Why Cleanse?
Whether it’s the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, or the products we use, everyone is affected by the thousands of chemicals in our internal and external environment. These chemicals can inhibit the proper functioning of our bodies and make us feel run down. What’s more, much of the food we eat today is low in minerals and nutrients, high in refined sugars and starches, and void of adequate fiber. Many of these common foods can produce inflammatory responses throughout the body which, over time, can degrade the quality of our digestive system. These plans work by removing the most common food allergens while lightening up your diet, so your body can spend its energy cleansing and healing.
We all want vibrant bodies, loads of energy, and a clear mind. Because many of us are lacking in vital minerals, nutrients, phytonutrients, and healthy fats, the Clean Program emphasizes nutrient-dense shakes and daily meals to help rebuild your body while you cleanse. These nutrients will help build your mineral reserves, support liver detoxification, and maintain consistent energy while on the program.
This 3-week detox program is designed to ease digestion by providing two liquid meals a day and a solid one in between, eliminating allergenic and mucus-forming food, which frees up even more energy. In addition, yoga, breath work, exercise and the daily ingestion of olive oil to maintain the health of the liver is also recommended.
Dr. Junger is a Uruguayan-born, New York City internal medicine doctor where he practices at the Eleven Eleven Wellness Center is also designing an Integrative Medicine Service at Lenox Hill Hospital, for which he was asked to be the Director of Integrative Medicine.
Pros of Mini Juice 3-Day Cleanse
Dr. Junger is a well-respected medical doctor
Detox program allows for food
Weight loss will likely occur
Well-organized and structured plan
Focuses on eating fresh foods while avoiding anything processed
Has an exercise component
Improves digestion
Cons of Mini Juice 3-Day Cleanse
Three week time commitment may be difficult to adhere to
Weight loss is temporary without further lifestyle changes
No scientific basis for the efficacy of cleanses
Regular daily oil consumption is not appealing
Several food restrictions
Diet and nutrition
The Clean detox program is a well-outlined three week plan in which what to eat and when to eat are clearly explained in Dr. Junger’s book. Two liquid meals and one solid-food meal are allowed each day in addition to drinking tea and water. Alcohol, dairy, sugar, caffeine, red meat, processed foods, flour, gluten and soy are not allowed.
Here is a sample day on the Clean detox program:
7 am: One glass of room temperature water with fresh lemon juice.
8 am: Herbal tea
10 am: Blueberry and Almond Smoothie or Mango and Coconut Milk smoothie
11:30 am: Coconut water (not milk)
1:30 pm: Watercress and miso soup or salad with carrot and ginger dressing
4 pm: Handful of almonds or raw pumpkin seeds
6 pm: Steamed salmon with steamed greens or detox Teriyaki chicken
In addition, each evening a few spoonfuls of extra virgin olive oil are recommended to improve the circulation of the liver. If constipation occurs, castor oil or an herbal laxative tea can be taken.
Exercise
The Clean detox diet suggests that you engage in gentle yoga and breath work every day in addition to some sort of sweating exercise in order to get rid of toxins. A sauna can also be done.
Since the detox program allows you to eat food and at regular intervals, you will have enough energy, if not more, to maintain your current fitness schedule.
Dr. Alejandro Junger’s Clean book and Clean detox diet program have received their time in the limelight thanks in part to Gwyneth Paltrow’s accolades for the three-week program which left her feeling “pure, happy and much lighter.”
Focusing on fresh and plant-based foods, this cleansing program is likely to drop a few pounds from your frame and leave you feeling healthier all around. Just keep in mind that weight loss is likely to be regained once regular eating habits ensue.
Adriana Lima is a Brazilian model and actress who is best known as a Victoria’s Secret Angel since 2000, and as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics from 2003 to 2009. At the age of 15, Lima finished first in Ford’s “Supermodel of Brazil” competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford “Supermodel of the World” competition before signing with Elite Model Management in New York City. In 2012, she came in 4th on the Forbes top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $7.3 million in one year. She is married to Serbian basketball player Marko Jarić, with whom she has two daughters.
Lima is probably best known for her work with Victoria’s Secret. Her first fashion show for the company came in 1999, and since being contracted as an Angel in 2000, she has appeared on subsequent shows ever since, opening the show in 2003, 2007, 2008, and 2010. In 2012 she opened the show for the 5th time less than two months after giving birth to her second child. In 2004, she was part of the five Angels promoting Victoria’s Secret nationwide in the so-called “Angels Across America”-Tour alongside Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen and Alessandra Ambrosio. She missed the 2009 show due to her pregnancy. Lima has appeared on several television ads for the brand, including the praised and criticized “Angel in Venice” commercial of 2003 with Bob Dylan. 2008 continued for Lima with hosting the What Is Sexy? program for the E! Entertainment Network and a July tour for the BioFit Uplift Bra launch. She was also featured in November’s Miracle Bra relaunch. Topping the year off, Lima wore the “Fantasy Bra” for the 2008 Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show. The bra, created by American jewelry designer Martin Katz, was set with 3,575 black diamonds, 117 certified 1 carat (200 mg) white round diamonds, 34 rubies, and two black diamond drops totaling 100 carats (20 g). Valued at over $5 million, the bra carried more than 1,500 carats (300 g). In 2010, she again wore the Fantasy Bra, called the Victoria’s Secret Bombshell Fantasy Bra. The bra which weighs in at 142 carats with 60 carats of white diamonds and 82 carats of topazes and sapphires is worth 2 million dollars.
This Victoria’s Secret supermodel made worldwide headlines after revealing the gruelling regime she goes through ahead of appearing in the luxe lingerie show. Her secret? She cuts out all solid foods nine days before she hits the runway, sipping only on protein shakes and small amounts of water. Then two days before hitting the runway she follows a zero-liquids policy. “Sometimes you can lose up to eight pounds just from that,” she told The Telegraph in the UK.
While the body comes equipped with teeth for chewing food, you can survive on a diet without any solid foods. A study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society found that giving long-term care patients a regular or pureed diet did not affect nutrient intake. Not chewing your food does lower the amount of saliva, which contains the digestive enzyme amylase, on it. But because the food is already broken down, the rest of your digestive system and other enzymes have less work. Before you embark on your no solid food diet, consult with a health-care professional.
Step 1
Use a juicer. A juicer is a device that removes fiber from your fruits and vegetables and produces a colored liquid you can rapidly drink to receive all of the benefits of vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients. A 2010 study published in Nutrition Journal found that 1 to 2 cups of fiber removed veggie juice a day is an efficient way to fulfill your daily vegetable requirements. Make sure that the juicer can handle vegetables, because some only process fruits. The American Cancer Society warns that juicing sometimes leads to diarrhea.
Step 2
Use a blender. Blending will not remove fiber from your food but will grind everything into a concoction which varies from a thick mush to runny liquid.
Step 3
Eat plenty of blended and juiced fruits and vegetables. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables with an array of colors.
Step 4
Blend your fruits. Because fruits often contain sugar, blend them instead of juicing them so you don’t get an insulin spike from the rapid absorption because of the loss of natural fiber. Add water to the mixture for it to blend properly. Unlike juicing, blending will fill your stomach for several hours.
Step 5
Juice your vegetables. Drinking juiced vegetables doesn’t normally have an insulin spike because of their minimal sugar content. Juicing has no preservatives, so refrigerate it or drink it as soon as possible for the best benefits. Juice passes through the body quickly, so you can drink it often.
Step 6
People go without food for a variety of reasons. You might be fasting to loose weight, for religious or spiritual reasons, or because an illness prevents you from keeping solid food down. Certain cleansing or detoxification plans require extended fasts as well, and some eating disorders also interfere with regular eating habits. Whatever your reason, refraining from eating for up to 72 hours can be dangerous, so consult your doctor if you are unable to ingest solid food, and do not engage in planned fasting without the supervision of a trained medical professional.
Digestion of Solid Food
Everyone’s metabolic rate varies, so you might take more or less time than average to digest your meals. Healthy adults tend to take from 24 to 72 hours to digest food, although your food usually passes from the stomach to the small intestine within a day. During the remaining time, your food passes through the large intestine before being eliminated. Elimination is typically complete within 72 hours, so by refraining from eating any new food, you functionally empty your digestive tract of all solid food and waste.
Nutrient Deprivation
A single day of fasting will not typically harm you, but extended fasting deprives you of many needed nutrients. You might get some nutrients from juice, but replacing a solid balanced diet with a liquid one takes careful preparation and nutritional knowledge. If you miscalculate your body’s needs and the nutritional values of the juices you drink, you can easily deprive yourself of nutrients and compromise the benefits you had hoped to achieve by fasting. Extended fasting as a means of detoxification, for example, can actually interrupt your body’s natural detoxification systems. You utilize the phytochemicals in food to assist in the detoxification pathways and, without them, your liver can temporarily cease removal of toxins.
Concerns Over Weight Loss and Muscle Atrophy
Reducing your caloric intake to zero or near-zero will cause your body to burn some fat, but you might also lose muscle as your body takes energy from both your fat stores and your muscles. The exact rate and extent to which you burn fat and muscle depend on your individual metabolism, and you might not experience any loss early on. However, when approaching 72 hours without food, lab animals begin to show significant muscle loss, so you should expect some atrophy as well.
Emotional Effects of Fasting
After 72 hours without solid food, you probably feel the chronic distraction of hunger. This distraction can make it difficult for you to focus or concentrate, which can lead to difficulty functioning in your daily routine, and might even cause depression. Conversely, you might feel overly happy, as severe calorie restriction can cause feelings of euphoria. You should note that this feeling is not due to any cleansing effect or improvement in your health. It is simply a neurological response to calorie deprivation.
Resuming Solid Foods After 72 Hours
Your metabolism has changed at the end of a prolonged fast, and the way you process solid food reflects this. Your body’s carbohydrate oxidation processes diminish, and your fat oxidation rates increase, resulting in a notable decrease in glucose tolerance. Your body’s increased insulin response increases your fat storage and weight gain while your metabolism and digestive system are returning to normal. You can counteract this weight gain in part by eating small, lean meals several times each day, rather than three typically-larger meals, for several days while your body readjusts to solid food.
Kirsten Caroline Dunst is an American actress, singer and model. She made her film debut in Oedipus Wrecks, a short film directed by Woody Allen for the anthology New York Stories . At the age of 12, Dunst gained widespread recognition playing the role of vampire Claudia in Interview with the Vampire , a performance for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. She appeared in Little Women the same year and in Jumanji the following year to further acclaim. After supporting roles in the television series ER and films such as Wag the Dog , Small Soldiers and The Virgin Suicides , Dunst transitioned into romantic comedies and comedy dramas, starring in Drop Dead Gorgeous , Bring It On , Get Over It and Crazy/Beautiful .
Dunst achieved international fame as a result of her portrayal of Mary Jane Watson in the Spider-Man trilogy . Since then her films have included the romantic comedy Wimbledon , the romantic science fiction Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and Cameron Crowe’s tragicomedy Elizabethtown . She played the title role in Sofia Coppola’s Marie Antoinette and starred in the comedy How to Lose Friends & Alienate People . She won the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival and the Saturn Award for Best Actress for her performance in Lars von Trier’s Melancholia .
In 2001, Dunst made her singing debut in the film Get Over It, in which she performed two songs. She also sang the jazz song “After You’ve Gone” for the end credits of the film The Cat’s Meow .
Even Hollywood starlets are plagued by the threat of pesky pre-awards-season pimples. So who do they call at the first sign of a breakout? Beutician to the stars Jamie Sherrill. This week Sherrill – who counts Kirsten Dunst and Jennifer Love Hewwitt among her clients – has been working overtime to get her famous clients red carpet-ready, including one emergency visit to a stressed-out celeb client, frantic about two raised bumps appearing on her face. “I injected Cortisone into them and also use a bit of laser treatment to take the redness out of it,” Sherrill told The Daily Mail. “I always say red carpet looks are no accidents. They’re the results of well-laid plans,” she said.
Cortisone is a steroid hormone. It is one of the main hormones released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. In chemical structure, it is a corticosteroid closely related to corticosterone. It is used to treat a variety of ailments and can be administered intravenously, orally, intraarticularly (into a joint), or transcutaneously. Cortisone suppresses the immune system, thus reducing inflammation and attendant pain and swelling at the site of the injury. Risks exist, in particular in the long-term use of cortisone
A cortisone injection can also be used to give short-term pain relief and reduce the swelling from inflammation of a joint, tendon, or bursa in, for example, the joints of the knee, elbow, and shoulder.
Cortisone may also be used to deliberately suppress immune response in persons with autoimmune diseases or following an organ transplant to prevent transplant rejection. The suppression of the immune system may also be important in the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
Cortisone is a common treatment for a severe sore throat that occurs commonly with EBV infectious mononucleosis. It is important to note that cortisone does not help lessen the duration of the virus, and is used purely to increase the comfort of a patient with trouble speaking or swallowing as a result of the mononucleosis-induced swollen throat.
Cortisone is also used by dermatologists to treat keloids.
Cortisone is a powerful anti-inflammatory medication. Cortisone is not a pain relieving medication, it only treats the inflammation. When pain is decreased from cortisone it is because the inflammation is diminished. By injecting the cortisone into a particular area of inflammation, very high concentrations of the medication can be given while keeping potential side-effects to a minimum. Cortisone injections usually work within a few days, and the effects can last up to several weeks.
Side-effects
Oral use of cortisone has a number of potential systemic side-effects: hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, anxiety, depression, amenorrhoea, cataracts and glaucoma, among other problems.
Local side effects are rare but can include: pain, infection, skin pigment changes, loss of fatty tissue, and tendon rupture.